against being transferred from one political domain to another, 
and that their later thought and action as nationalities were 
taught them by the intellectual and middle classes of their 
respective countries.

The historians, although aware that nationalism originated in 
the sixteenth century, have yet no explanation of this passion 
that preceded theory.

*     It is important nowadays to understand why there 
cannot be nationalism where there has not first been an 
experience of a vernacular in printed form. Hayes here indicates 
that in nonliterate areas, ferment and social action of a tribal 
kind is not to be confused with nationalism. Hayes had no clue 
about the rise of visual quantification in the later Middle Ages, 
nor of the visual effects of print on individualism and